Semiconductor Switch: Model the semiconductor switch with realistic characteristics, considering its ON-state resistance, switching speed, and parasitic capacitances. Accurate modeling of the switch is crucial for predicting switching losses and overall efficiency.

Inductor: Model the inductor with its core material, resistance, and saturation characteristics. Proper inductor modeling is essential for predicting inductor current ripple and overall converter efficiency.

Capacitor: Model the output capacitor with its equivalent series resistance (ESR) and equivalent series inductance (ESL). Accurate capacitor modeling helps in assessing output voltage ripple and stability.

Feedback Network: Model the feedback network accurately to simulate the closed-loop behavior of the buck converter. This includes the voltage divider, error amplifier, and compensator components.

Load: Represent the load accurately, considering both resistive and dynamic components. Dynamic loads, such as those in motor drive applications, should be modeled realistically to capture transient responses.